Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise or greasewood): Worthless Brush or potential Nurse Plant ???

My subject here, Chamise or Greasewood is a much demonized shrub in the Chaparral Plant Community. Quite often it is blamed for most of the catastrophic wildfires in Southern California and often accused of being an invasive take over of habitat from more desirable shrubs and trees in it's very own native habitat. So much of what is misunderstood by the public has likely been the fault of  Journalists, Politicians, the very Departments and Agencies in charge of  land management oversight and those bought and paid for Scientists who back the business interests of corporate agencies who should know better. We could say that humans treat Chamise they way they often mistreat and Judge their fellow human beings because of differences in appearance, race, culture, ethicity, language, etc. So this post should be interesting to many who may have hated this precious important shrub in the past.

(Image: Mine)

Adenstoma fasciculatum Chamise & Cuyamaca Cypress
Inspiration Point off Hwy 79 south of Julian California

These are simply some pictures I took from last weekend on our trip once again to Julian California. Admittedly in my past, I too had negative feelings or impressions about this Chamise or greasewood as it is sometimes called, but most of it was based on my ignorance. I mean just look at it in the photo above behind the Cuyamaca Cypress. See how dull coloured and rangy looking it is ??? If you've ever been out hiking, you've likely been scratched and cut trying to bushwhack their it's impenetrable barriers. And yes it's other common name 'Greasewood' refers to the high content of volatile oils within it's stems which burn ferociously during a wildfire. What I love looking for when hiking and exploring outdoors are specific nurse plant examples [older well known ones and newer yet to be discovered ones] when I'm out in the bush. Always looking for which plants may be the best parent plants for use in practical application in habitat restoration or in community planting of the urban landscape. This poor shrub in the photograph above is also called by a purposeful derogatory name as Greasewood because it has a high content of volatile organic compounds, but then so do most other plants. But it conveys the idea that Chamise is worthless for nothing else than burning. A reality check here should reveal to you that all plants made of organic matter will burn. Just look at those colder Boreal Forests locations near the Arctic circle, even those of Temperate and Tropical rainforests. They all burn with great ferocity given the right circumstances. But this chaparral plant's mere presence will invoke the usual hatred by many an fire ecology expert and landowner determined to eradicate it in favour of what many humans consider plants with more eye-candy appeal. Often blamed for the reasons and causes of catastrophic wildfires and chocking out the more desirable plants, this in reality couldn't be further from the truth. 

image: Mine

Inspiration Point, Hwy 79 south of Julian

The reality is that this plant, Chamise or Greasewood, will grow where many others won't or can't. It most often will be one of the last holdouts in drought, holding down the soil erosion where others fail and disappear. Interestingly Chamise is strictly a Enfo-Mycorrhizal shrub like most Chaparral plants. Buy I had no idea or clue before readign the research that during wetter rainy season times that Chamise allows itself to be colonized by many Ecto-Mycorrhizas which actually facilitate the higher succession plants like Pines and Oaks to grab a foothold and pioneer out into new virgin territory, even other chaparral like California Holly or Toyon as seen in the photo here to the right. Below the high country town of Idyllwild California in the San Jacinto Mountains while driving east along Hwy 74 from Hemet through the San Jacinto River Canyon, you can see on the lefthand side of the road which would be the south facing slopes on the north side, numerous Toyon shrubs within the Chamise. Without the presence of Chamise, such srubs would never make a foothold by pioneering out into virgin territory without Chamise. Eventually if times are favourable and long enough, the Chamise itself will become the victim of succession through the chocking action of competition of the very seedling in it's care as will eventually happen with the Cuyamaca Cypress in the photograph at the top and below.

image: Mine (2015)

This young Cuyamaca Cypress above is sandwiched between Chamise and Mountain Mahogany chaparral which clearly are helping support this immature cypress to adulthood. These Saplings were everywhere in the chaparral. Conventional practice by forestry and Timber agencies would have stripped the land bare prior to planting believe that such chaparral actually kills rather than nurse along such important forest species.

image: Mine (2015)

This one appeared all by itself in an opening in the chaparral, but that doesn't mean there were no underground connections going on as far as a mycorrhizal grid network for them to tap into. In this photo, take a look in the background just above the Sapling central leader in the photo and slightly to the left and you can see yet another sapling emerging through the Chamise. Clearly Chamise has been an important Nurse Plant success story here for Cuyamaca Cypress. In fact underneath and inside the canopies of the Chamise were several broken truffles of the Mycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius which contain a huge drop of dried truffles which appeared this past Spring. A special note on Southern California's Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Diversity on surprising hosts came from the US Forest Service. Under a subheading with the same name, comment on observation of Ectomycorrhizal colonization on Chamise (Greasewood) was noted to occur in particularly wet years such as El Nino events. If true, then this coming year's El Nino event predictions for SoCal could be a window of opportunity for habitat restoration if anyone is actually paying any attention to this. This is an opportunity that has not really presented itself in almost two decades.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Diversity

Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) normally forms arbuscular mycorrhizae with all genera found in the region. However, during wet years (El Niño), we found EM associated with its roots and EM fungi in the stands (Allen and others 1999b). There was a high diversity of fungi ranging from Cenococcum and Balsamia spp. (ascomycetes) to a variety of basidiomycetes such as Pisolithus sp., Cortinarius spp., and Hysterangium separabile. We also found a new species of Rhizopogon: R. mengei (Allen and others 1999a). This is an important finding, since all other known species of Rhizopogon are associated with conifers. In addition, we sequenced the dominant fungus found on the root tips of chamise, and this fungus was an unknown species of ascomycete, most closely related to Sarcocypha emarginata (97 percent similarity in the sequence alignment of the 5.8S region, 63 percent similarity in ITS1, and 59 percent similarity in ITS2), a common fire-following fungus."

That last line in this research article's paragraph about Adenostoma fasticulatum and the other possible or potential yet to be discovered plant host to Mycorrhizal colonization relationships is really an understatement. For me personally it opened my eyes to understanding what I had observed at locations in Anza where Pine, Oak and other plants were actually able to pioneer out into pure Chamise habitat and thrive with what many have considered an invasive competitor. Just think, what if the world's Scientific community had actually been pursuing more responsible research from a biomimetic approach all these past decades as opposed to this obsession with the artificial synthetic version of plant healthcare ??? You know what I mean, Corporate obsession with Patents for GMO products, manufacturing product on a mass scale, slapping a label on product and charging outrageous prices for artificial this same unnatural product which is not nearly as effective as the real deal found in Nature ??? Quite possibly we wouldn't be living in the present train-wrecked natural world we all are forced to endure as a result of the misuses and abuses of Industrial Science. 

"There are clearly plant/fungal symbiotic combinations that we do not understand and have yet to explore."

USFS: "Biodiversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Southern California" 

Prior to the trip to Inspiration Point south of Julian, it had rained fairly heavy from recent Monsoonal Thunderstorms the week before this week's visit, but it hadn't been long enough and soaking enough to trigger any summer emergence of truffles this time. But at the very least I did find numerous broken dried out truffles with mature chocolate brown spores easily dislodged when rubbed from their compartmentalized interior honey comb-like chambers. At least this was proof the system was still functioning in this spot south of Julian. This cannot be said for my former truffle collecting hotspots on the outskirts of Anza a year ago.

image: Mine

Pisolithus tinctorius or Tom Volk's Dog Turd Fungus

The photograph below is of the actual single living parent tree for which all these seedlings originated that the 2003 Cedar Fire did not take completely down, although the old scars are still present. I collected one cypress cone this time to see if I can germinate some seeds and out plant the seedlings as an experiment on the hillside near my home here in Sweden. I'd love to see if they will take this climate's prolonged dark winter and long cold periods. In the photo's background of course you can clearly view Scissor's Crossing of Hwy 78 and San Felipe Road in the desert below. 

Image: Mine (2014)

Mostly I wanted to explain here the importance of Chamise and it's value to land managers and private land owner's who otherwise are prone to stripping such plants from their landscape mistakenly believing they are making an improvement. I have no problem with creating defensible space around their homes and other dwellings for wildfire protection or even wishing to create what they consider more desirable trees and shrubs, but the Chamise is an asset and ally in this area and not the enemy. For example, like it's cousin Redshank or Ribbonwood, Chamise has some of the deepest roosystem infrastructure diving down several meters deep into the subsoil layers which are rich in moisture content. During the hotter Summer months, Chamise is the perfect Nurse Plant for an Oak or Pine Seedling because Chamise performs a service called "Hydraulic Lift and Redistribution". The process involves lifting water from deep in the Earth and bringing it to the surface and sharing water with surrounding plants via the Mycorrhizal Grid Network. Thus valuable seedlings of pine and oak can thrive. We're talking Survival of the Mutually Cooperative, not Survival of the Fittest. And amazingly, all plants who perform this service also perform a reverse of this during winter dormancy. How ??? They remove excess water from the surface during the rainy season and pump it deep into the earth, there to be stored for later use that summer and some water may even percolate deeper and recharge the water table or Acquifer. How kool is that ??? 😃

Old school bigoted ideas and biased assumptions promoted for decades by ignorant land managers have got to be rejected. I'll provide a few more links below, although I appreciate many will find such boring. Not the fault of the subject matter, but mostly the researchers who by nature never have been great communicators to the public as a whole. That in itself is one of the biggest problems of most of this world's leadership in general. As a final note, the use of Chamise in the urban landscape would be limited or none at all. Most of this post was to direct attention away from the negatives about this chaparral plant and it's important purpose within the Southern California Chaparral landscape. It's importance in covering the land quickly after fire and important role as a nurse plant or mother tree for other ecosystem succession plant life. The decades of conventional land management wisdom have been a failure, now perhaps acknowledging the reality of how the programmed mechanisms in Nature really work is the only hope left for humankind ib rebuilding the land. 

Photo by Pete Veilleux - Big Sur wilderness - October 2016

The photo above was posted on a Facebook page by member Fred DeVault. It's an incredible example of how well chaparral works for forestry as opposed to the long standing ignorance as advanced by giant timber interests. So is this survival of the fittest or rather survival of the mutually cooperative ??? To further illustrate how an ecological succession of a climax forest trees progresses, here is an animation video provided by Buck and Sons Landscape Services.

Ecological Succession of the Climax Forest

There is something extremely important to remember here. The Cedar Fire (2003) tore through massive amounts of both  old growth Chaparral and Forested regions of San Diego County mountains. Many of these beautiful pristine places of ecological climax succession took hundreds of years of long term gradual development to reach such an old growth state. But it took one unfortunate irresponsible act which triggered a massive catastrophic event over a mere couple weeks to almost completely destroy it all. To help illustrate in human terms, most of this world's Sports Stars, Hollywood Film & TV  Celebrities, Popular Political Personalities, Nobel Prize Winners, all manner of other world renowned Heroes etc spend decades building up their careers and reputations to attain what most people would consider a celebrity climax status of sorts later in life. Many times these stars crash and burn their reputations through one senseless act which becomes public. Often times most never recover. If they do it takes many more decades if they have the luxury of that kind of time and even then their celebrity fame never mirrors their former glory. We now live in a time like that where ecological circumstances have changed drastically where recovery may not heal as programmed over and over for thousands of years with no problem. Understanding the biological mechanical components for recovery are more important than ever because life on earth no longer has the luxury of time on their side anymore. 

One of my favourite images of  Adenostoma fasticultaum - Chamise with Trichostema lanatum - Woolly Blue Curls which can most commonly be seen growing together in the lower slopes of the San Jacinto Mountains  west of Mountain Center near Idyllwild California. Especially when hiking the South Fork Canyon Trail off Hwy 74. When you view it under such light, the plant is rather beautiful in appearance with all the extra add ons. Much like a stock muscle car in a dealership showroom, purchased and later modified by it's own to enhance performance.

Image by Bert Wilson of Las Pilitas Native Plant Nursery

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This young lady is Lizzie Velasquez who was photgraphed in Washington, DC, on October 27, 2015. Lizzie Valasquez has a rare disease and was bullied for her appearance throughout her childhood. There's not a person reading who doesn't understand the trauma of grade school bullying. Most people picked on so severely withdraw from public and never have a normal life. Yet Lizzie has become a motivational speaker and advocate of anti-bullying legislation. She is the subject of a recent documentary: A Brave Heart: The Lizzie Velasquez Story. And people being judged today over a plethora of nonsense reasons continue. Every human being has real value but you have to put the effort forth to get to know what that value is. Bare with me here. There is an excellent Biblical example of not judging people by mere appearance. The ancient nation of Israel did not have the conventional style of government rule that the surrounding nations had. The spoke with the Prophet Samuel and demanded he anoint a King over them instead of Judges. Samuel warned them of the consequences of having a human King and all that he would demand from them. The Israelite God, Jehovah, told Samuel to listen to them and select a King. One was selected, Saul, he was a good choice at first, but later turned out to be a bad King. So a new choice was needed to replace this bad King. So Jehovah told the Prophet Samuel to seek out a family in a certain city. Once their he said his choice was among the Sons of a man named Jesse. Samuel looked the Sons over and chose an eldest son named Eliab. The entire event is recorded in 1 Samuel chapter 16, but take special nore of verses 6 & 7:

"As they came in and he saw E·liʹab, he said: “Surely here before Jehovah stands his anointed one.” But Jehovah said to Samuel: “Do not pay attention to his appearance and how tall he is, for I have rejected him. For the way man sees is not the way God sees, because mere man sees what appears to the eyes, but Jehovah sees into the heart.”

The lesson here is an obvious one. Humans are limited in that they have no ability to reads hearts and judge others. It takes great effort and pateince in getting to know another person and their worth. My point is it's the same with anything in Nature. Today humans have their favourite trees, shrubs and perennials, which also means they no doubt have plants they dislike or even hate. People are the same when it comes to other things in nature like animals, birds, fish, snales, etc. People will kill what they do not understand. Chamise for the most part has quite often been one of those plants. Hopefuly a little more info here about what some researchers have found sheds a different light on Adenostoma fasciculatum. Now maybe other scientists and credentialed land managers will also pay attention.

Further Reading References

Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity separating the wheat from the chaff

USDA Forest Service: "Biodiversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Southern California"

When Mycorrhizae debunks the Scientific Orthodoxy on what & who they'll colonize

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And finally, what motivates human hatred of specific organisms in the Natural World ?

Human mistreatment of the Natural World is a mirror of the way they treat each other

Improper Land Clearing Can Destroy the Underground Internet

Bulldozer - Chisum Construction

These say pictures can convey volumes of information that a multitude of words could never accomplish. I'll start off here with some pictures that really could illustrate land maintenance practices that are found on any location on Earth in any country. The two pictures below are only illustrative of what the subject of this post is all about and the company from where the photos were taken no doubt does a professional job of manicuring the land for which they are hired. It is hoped however that people will gain a better understanding of what goes on under the ground before they hire such a company or take upon themselves any personal land clearing project. The photos below are merely typical of what is experienced in the clearing of land.

Now the company that cleared this land is out of Texas and no doubt obtains many such work contracts. In fact on their website they show a number of pictures of the bulldozer clearing the land by scraping with a blade and pilling up a combination of mangled brush and soil in piles or a long rows of debris pushed up against the property line. This is often typical and I saw this numerous times when I lived up in Anza California. On that website, the bottom photo proudly displays the text: "Cleared Field After 20 Years". Yep, I believe it and have no reason to doubt those words. They did an effective job so that the land would never see a great amount of vegetation ever again.

image: All AG Services

The land prior to the clearing project most likely had a healthy 'Mycorrhizal Internet Grid'. Yet now it most likely has more of a bacterial system to replace it. A bacterial system, as Bert Wilson of Las Pilitas California Native Plant Nursery says, favours what are called plants that are known as 'ruderals' (we know them as seasonal or annual plants, like weeds for instance) and usually a  healthy ecosystem with a  'Mycorrhizal Internet Grid' under the ground tends to keep those weeds in check or at least balanced out. Take a walk or hike anywhere there is pristine chaparral plant community conditions and you will not find weeds as the over powering dominant force you find in open ranges created by humans for livestock raising. Though you will find such annuals here and there, the mycorrhizal grid is a protection and a sort of natural antibiotics for the health of any forest or chaparral community's soil. 

Looking at the bottom picture above, you'll notice that though it still looks like grassland after 20 years, the question comes up, 'Is it really the right type of grassland ?' What I see in that photo is mostly annual plants like wild mustard, maybe even some various types of foxtail grasses. Nothing wrong with annuals (or believe it or not weeds), they do what they do best and that is cover the land quickly. That's important because when rains come, they're function or purpose  really is to slow water down as opposed to letting it run off and erode the soil. If a bad brush clearing job has been done and the top layer of biologically rich soils have been remove, then it may take years for vegetation of any kind to come back and in the mean time valuable top soil has been washed down stream. Again, anybody in any back country situation has seen what I'm talking about, though you thought nothing of it at the time.

The real objective goal in any land management project should be to eventually replace the annuals with perennial system. That would be plants that live for a season being replaced by plants that may live a decade or more. For example, that Pastureland Project (if that was the intended goal of clearing the brush in the first place) above should be mostly perennial bunch grasses and other beneficial plants that one would find on a pristine prairie setting. Something like the picture below where deeper rooted bunch grasses and other plants will allow a greener ecosystem to last longer or in some cases till a summer monsoonal system kicks in.

These are individual grasses that under the right conditions send their roots down several feet into the earth (in the correct soil setting) which allows them to tap into sub-soil moisture which means they stay greener longer than those annuals that rapidly produce more seed, quickly dry out and then die only to be repeated year after year. A perennial grassland system is more desirable and is going to be more productive if you've got a livestock ranching program. The system will be more nutritious and better at self repairing after the animals pass through, that is if the rancher manages things properly. Many residents up in the Anza area when I lived there were even clever enough to transplant many of the native bunch grasses on their land into small areas of a lawn. Very clever considering Anza is a very dry air region whether it's hot or bitter cold. Those bunchgrass lawns can stay green with very little watering once established and will eventually come together and fill in the bare spaces in between them.

Sometimes the goal of the weekend ranchette landowner is to remove what is considered the undesirable plants with what they view aesthetically valueless. In Anza that most often is a tough little shrub or brush that will grow where nothing else will and it's called Chamise or Greasewood (Adenostoma fasciculatum)

Image - Neahga Leonard

Seriously, who wants such a jagged stickery looking nasty bush like that in their landscape ? You should. As mentioned, they often grow where nothing else will. Much of the soils they grow on is very shallow and rocky and not very deep. Remove them and try planting something you thought was cute choice or pick from the local nursery and would be a better fit in your game plan scheme of things you  envisioned than that ugly old Greasewood and then watch it fail. One thing that most people who come up from the city and who buy that dream home piece of land never do is take their time that first year and get to know their wild landscapes and the ecology and geology makeup of their own property. Know something about the wild plants on that property and what they find as optimal growing conditions. Let's go back to the Greasewood as an example. Under perfect growing conditions, even a Greasewood Shrub can be found growing as a small tree, though it has to compete for this with other plants that like the perfect growing conditions. 

But when you see Greasewood grow in large masses or groupings on a rise or hill knoll with no other plants around and only about a couple of feet in height, then that can often tell you that below the surface there is a nasty rocky, probably bedrock situation close to the surface type of geological soil condition. Nothing else will grow there. You can check by trying to force a shovel or even a pry bar to see what's down there. Not only will your much desired plant from the nursery fail under such soil profile, but you will even rarely find the usual nasty weeds growing there. So leave the Greasewood alone. It's performing a couple of important functions for your property. First, when rains come, it slows the water down from completely running off, which is what you want it to do. Second, under that nasty ground there is still a 'Mycorrhizal Internet Grid' which I guarantee you is intact underneath those plants otherwise the Greasewood itself wouldn't be able to survive. And that grid is also connected to another grid that is networked further away in more desirable locations connecting all plant communities in the Network of cooperation for survival. And Third and possibly the most  important factor is it's ability to sprout back after a fire and continue to hold the bare ground somewhat intact when the next seasons rains finally come.

Yes, google images of the plant called Greasewood or Chamise and you will find a third of the images appear like the above. It's called Greasewood for a reason. It has a lot of volatile oils within it's wood and it is prone to wildfire situations. Anybody who moves to Chaparral country ecology situation should expect and prepare for wildfires. It's true that it's a natural part of the environment, but what is unnatural is the ever present growing frequency for which fires today come and go. The more people the greater the chances. No matter what you plant, even if you think removing the brush and replacing it with what you think is less fireprone or resistant, the reality is nothing is resistant to these later day firestorms which are more intense now than in times past. Everything will burn, but the natives will sprout back and hold your land intact better than the transplanted urban landscape reconstruction you assumed was a better idea.

Now let me change channels here and show you some example photos of what some folks with good intentions and motivations for clearing land of the jagged stuff to make it more aesthetically appealing to the human eye. First off up in Anza where I lived, people often removed what they considered that nasty looking Greasewood to reveal more the more 'Eye Candy' pleasing shrubs like Manzanita. I love Manzanitas too, but they also need the other surrounding vegetation ecosystem infrastructure to fully benefit. Many times they will die sudden death after land clearing for no visible apparent reasons. But clearly the disruption also took place under the ground.

Image - Bert Wilson - Las Pilitas

 See this beautiful Manzanita up above ??? Yup, no doubt about it. That's one of the best looking natural wild shrubs to be found anywhere, and who wouldn't in their right mind choose that over less desirable brush like Greasewood ? So here's what their land may often look like after the land clearer has followed their strict instructions of what the want and expect from him. Of course the ultimate goal was to remove just the ugly and while  keep the kool stuff.

Okay, we all get the idea about clearing (cleaning) the land up and leaving the desirable things. I get that and actually agree with it, but there are things to consider. Yes, of course the Fire Marshals ordered you to clean the land up, but then you cared about your land enough already and were going to do that anyway without them making you do it. But now consider the methods you use. The 24 years I spent up in Anza, California, I saw folks hire someone who was in the business of brush clearing or they themselves with their own little Adult toy Kubota Weekend Farmer Tractor and using that blade to literally scrape off several valuable inches of that biologically rich topsoil down to a clean sterile looking decomposed granite type of soil so that they could plant a yard that looks like this example below. Here's some more examples of land clearing in which selected desirable trees or shrubs are left. But often later some of those saved plants may die.

The photograph below this paragraph is take from the website of  "The Chaparral Institute" which was taken I believe in northern San Diego County. It illustrates panic over fire danger and the mastication method of chewing up and actually stripping the landscape to reveal nothing but raw bare sterile soil which may no longer contain the natural grid which was installed and regularly maintained by nature for thousands of years. Even if the saved single or grouped specimens of Manzanitas, Oaks or Pines make it for a time, they may eventually die as a result of being disconnected from the "Earth's Internet".  Such geographic landscape profiles don't necessarily have sub-soil water stores from which to draw from. Before the masticated land clearance, those plants were dependent on their being connected to the complete mycorrhizal and plant root grid that was networked completely around those slopes to facilitate water transportation from lower stores further down the slope during the dry season. Now they are up dry creek so to speak. This practice is parroted by many landowners who actually lose some of their prized shrubs when they believed they were doing a good thing in manicuring their property.

"California Native Plant Society" 

Here is a quote from under the photo:

"The cost of viewing chaparral as fuel. This remarkable stand of manzanita chaparral in the Cleveland National Forest that was featured on the Fall 2007 cover of the California Native Plant Society’s quarterly journal Fremontia was masticated by the USFS in 2008. The mastication shown above continues around a Coulter pine tree plantation. The area is miles away from any community"  

"Rather than dealing comprehensively with wildfire risk, many local governments are promoting vegetation “clearance” strategies that seriously compromise protected wildlands, challenge the integrity of habitat conservation plans, and increase the spread of invasive species. Some San Diego County officials have expressed the desire to exempt such vegetation “treatments” from the California Environmental Quality Act. Under the federal Healthy Forests Restoration Act, millions of dollars are spent to “treat acres” rather than dealing with fire risk where it would be most effective, immediately around and within human communities. Please join us as we discuss threats posed to California’s native plant communities by misguided fuel treatment projects and what you can do to help protect San Diego County’s native plants from unwise land use policies."

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http://www.californiachaparral.org

This next photo below is again taken from "The Chaparral Institute" website which clearly shows what grows back after stripping the land of it's natural mycorrhizal grid into a bacterial system which as Bert Wilson points out favours plants that are 'ruderals' as in this case foxtails &  non-native oats which in fact burn like gasoline. At least brush could have slowed a fire down somewhat, but now is facilitated by a more combustible fuel which when high wind fed on a ridge will allow fires quicker access to the other side of the ridge. At least with fires slowed down with brush, fire retardant dropping planes could make a ridgeline strip ahead of a slower moving fire than one blowing full steam ahead in a grassland setting. However, it should now be noted that with climate and weather pattern change, these higher winds are more common than any time in the past and nothing really will stop them. This can be seen from the last several years of firestorms which have devastated many communities prone to such problems.

Chaparral Institute: Ridgeline Fuel Breaks are worthless

This next picture below I've taken off another blog by a gal who lives in Murrieta CA. She's into native plants and this picture is not a bad example of land clearing but is rather an illustrative example of what some land clearing can look like when some plants are selected to be kept. In this case she has replanted with native plants to establish more desirable that she appreciates into here garden environment.  But notice the irrigation drip system. This is what is keeping the plantscape live until a proper root system with mycorrhizal networks can take over.  Now I like a clean looking property, but the only thing really keeping these plants alive is the constant presence of the drip irrigation system and that's if the critters don't chew it up. One note of caution here though is that you should NOT allow your natives to become dependent on a drip system. The ideal thing is to gradually ween them off it once established. Believe it or not, at my mum's house, though I did install an elaborate irrigation system at her house in El Cajon CA, most all the plants have roots down deep enough to penetrate deeply to get to sub-soil moisture which is what they want anyway. So the system is not on any timer and is only needed occasionally because of a few water loving plants like 'California Spicebush' and some wild currents in the understory of the trees.

image: Arlene Webster

 

If the biological material (mycorrhizae, beneficial bacteria, etc) has been removed or scraped off and pushed to the property line and even if they inoculated the ground within each planting hole, it will take much longer time to recover. Those native plants BTW that people try and save will often succumbed to sudden dying with what appears to be no rhyme or reason to the landowner.

Now back to the prized Bushes that were saved, like those wonderful Manzanitas. How many times have you seen someone's property that was cleared to leave only the desirable Manzanita plants which may look like this example below in the picture on a manicured sterile kool looking landscape. I actually like a clean sterile sort of landscape in my immediate yard, but a little of the plant's own dander or mulch layer should be left. Again below here is another nice picture from Arleen Webster in Murietta CA landscape.
 http://camissonia.blogspot.se/2012/02/manzanita-bloomfest-continues-but-we.html 

image: Arlene Webster

Only a year or two after a property owner's land clearing  job was done, some of them died unexpectedly and look something  like the photo below ? The shrub starts out slowly by allowing some side branches to die back as a strategy measure to save itself from lack of moisture which it may have had prior to brush and soil clearing which took away the grid network underground where other plants had water access and shared these with your prized Manzanita only to later eventually die as a result of an ignorance on your part for not being acquainted with the "Earth's Internet".

I know from first hand experience. I've done a lot of stupid stuff and learned the hard way.  Take a look below. This is what is left after I cleared all the other shrubs around a Manzanita that was originally 10 times the size of the skeleton you see in the photo taken last year what we visited my old property again. The small tree was almost 20 feet in diameter when I first bought the place in 1985. It wasn't so much the height of the tree that was impressive, but it had numerous large side branches that grew up and out finally to heavy to stay upwards and lowered to the ground only to re-root (often common in Manzanitas) then grow back up into the air to create another extension of the original tree. Never did a trunk ring core sample, but it had to have been a couple of hundred years old maybe ? Who knows, it's gone now.

image: Mine

It was after my own bad experiences that I realize clearing slowly by hand and then replacing the cleared undesirables with something more appealing, usually another native was the answer.  Also I was never in a hurry after that. I got some other neighbours and friends in the area involved in planting pine trees and incense cedar on their properties  purchased from L.A. Moran Forest Nursery near Davis California. They shipped bare root trees around March if I remember correctly and you had to get them in the ground as quickly as possible. The land cleared by hand was superiorto the mechanized cleared land. Those trees planted in hand cleared ground grew faster than the land where the grid was disrupted by machinery. This practice of  the superiority of hand clearing is also born out in a report of Tamarisk Removal down in the Coachella Valley at 1000 Palms. Plant restoration was faster and more complete on one side where Tamarisk was removed by hand, than land cleared of Tamarisk by machine. If you have the time, take a read of the report here below.

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http://www.invasive.org/gist/stories/ca003/ca003.PDF  

Here are some important quotes from that report. Now pay attention.

"Most areas were cut by hand, thereby selectively cutting out the tamarisk while leaving the native shrubs unharmed. Only a 7.5 acre (3 ha) section that was heavily infested (> 95%) was cleared using a bulldozer."

"In the 7.5 acres (3 ha) that wasbulldozed, natives established much more slowly than in the hand-cleared areas."

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 Remember my post on how the grid works and my Coulter - Jeffrey Pine Tree experiments I mentioned on my Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution article here:

"How I First Became Addicted To The Internet" 

In that post I explained and illustrated how all plants can be connected to an undreground interconnected grid of 'Mycorrhizal Fungi' Same species of plants or different species of plants can all be connected to this grid. I showed that no matter where I placed the irrigation dripline, that eventually the entire 24 trees were hydrated from the original source of H2O but only because they were connected to the grid.

For a moment, let's illustrate things this way by considering all sorts of human infrastructure for which we all are dependent and easily recognize in the real world. Electrical Network grids, Gas Pipelines Systems,  Plumbing Grids of water Companies, Internet Cable Networks, Telephone Network systems, etc. Now in order to receive the benefit of these services we understand that we don't need to have our home literally or physically connected to the source of that service provider by being right next to it. Let's take a look at an electrical grid network map example of the United States.

Image Source: FEMA

So we all understand that on that major network of the grid systems are the original sources of electricity by Hydroelectric Dams, Coal or Gas fire Electrical Plants, Solar Farms or even Nuclear Energy Plants. We also are aware that we don't have to have our home physically next to one of those Industrial Plants to be able to plug or tap into the system to receive benefits. In fact we understand that we only have to be connected to an infrastructural grid as installed by the electric company as pictured below.

For you folks in Anza, this is how your Anza Electric Copperative works. You don't need your home to physically be on Larry's Agri-Empire land next to the Coop's building to receive electricity. Just connect to the grid they've intelligently built and if it's not available and you've got the big bucks to shell out, they can string the grid to your own home out in Timbuktu (RimRock Rd).  Okay kidding.

The same is true of all plants. Many plants will be located at the sources of water, be they streams, rivers or lakes, or even ecosystem foundational plants that are able to tap into several meters deep moisture caches or reservoirs, then lift & redistribute from their tap roots to their nieghbours thru the 'Mycorrhizal Network'. Most likely those sensitive Manzanitas may have had that grid system disrupted. They likewise can often be found on top of knolls where the soil is shallow and rocky and seemingly dry, yet they thrived because they were tapped into the system via some of those Mountain Mahoganies or Redshank you didn't think were good looking enough for your overall future plans. This is why it's important to examine your land for a year before you make major decisions you'll wind up regretting as I did.

A prime example for Anza of large trees connected to the grid when they look to be in a dry impossible location is when driving up the HWY 371 as it enters the Hamiton Creek Canyon. Look over on both sides of the canyon. Notice that this isn't exactly ideal garden soil, yet look at the many huge Jeffrey, Coulter Pine and Interior Live Oak trees on those dry rocky hillsides. There is not even hardly any natural mulch layer under those trees. The actual rich water source is way down at the bottom of that canyon in Hamilton Creek. Yet, there are plants there like the willows and maybe some cottonwood, which BTW are also host to the same Pisolithus tinctorius Mycorrhizae that colonizes those pines on the canyon hillsides. These trees may be the fascillitators for transporting through the grid sources of fresh water to other life around them. The ability of this fungus to transport water 200' up a mountain side can be seen in many examples where the grid is intact even on southern hot and dry exposures coming up from Hemet to Mountain Center on HWY 74.

For more info on what some call the Dog Turd fungus go over to Tom Volk's website and have a read. Hope this was informative to all. If you are aware of your natural surroundings when out hiking, you'll recognize this puffball or truffle around many of the scrub oaks or pines trees where you live. Especially not long after lightening storms which I'll talk about another time.

Image: University of Wisconsin

The above truffle which is nothing more than the actual fungi's fruit is also the same one creating this internet grid in this famous picture referenced around the Net. Aren't Illustrations Informative ? Think about the map of the electrical grid of the United states you just saw.

Image of Hong Kong - Kim McAdam

Just like a beautiful modern city like Hong Kong, the city needs all of it's hidden underground infrastructure to operate at optimal levels (sewer, water, electrical, internet, etc) in order to operate at all or it ceases to exist.

Image - Untility Safety & Ops Network

So watch the video below from the BBC. The same exact infrastructure networks and functions are also important for the aboveground forest or shrub life to equally function and thrive withy efficiency.

Next video is a further more complicated video explaining the complex underground infrastructure, but equally entertaining and education. Presented by Suzanne Simard

Try real hard an picture in your mind's eye what the underground looks like under your property the next time you want to plan something for the landscape. Kill it and your landscape will fail miserably.
Enjoy!