Hydraulic Lift and Redistribution of Water for the Benefit of other Plants in San Diego County

Creeping Snowberry
(Symphoricarpos mollis)

On my last week spent in San Diego County and while on my way back to Escondido from Ranchita, I took a detour of of Hwy 79 south before Santa Ysabel and headed directly west on Hwy 76 along the Lake Henshaw & San Luis Rey River route. I stopped and took photographs of something I remembered seeing and intrigued with back in the early 1990s. These are the heavily forested areas containing many many Oaks of all kinds. These Oak forests along here attract and provide life for a great many smaller plants which in turn provide food and habitat for a biodiverse community. This should give gardeners and landscapers clues as to design. But I had always noticed when taking this route to Temecula, several plants which thrive ONLY in association with these large Oak Trees. the wild wood or mountain Rose and plants like Creeping Snowberry.

Photo: Mine

Photo: Mine

Reservation along Hwy 76. numerous small creeping plants find a pleasant home in and among the Oak tree canopy and outer drip line of their crowns. This area is rich in Creeping Snowberry  (Symphoricarpos mollis). They are perfect for planting under native California Oaks as those leaves are oval to rounded and easily fall through the small plants interior, where Sycamores with much larger leaves would be a major  maintenance issue covering the plants. Besides, Oak Mulch makes a great compost and feed for the under story plants.  Here is a much bigger link for which you may Zoom in. I found that other plants there do very well as companion plants. Native Currants, Ferns, even Coral Bells and Elderberry.

Magnified View of Symphoricarpos mollis

Photo: Kevin Franck (June 2013)

This group of riparian trees above, Cottonwood, Willow  and Mexican Elderberry are also associated with not only Snow Pea, but also Wild Rose. Do any of them look to be competing or chocking out their neighbours in some religious ritual known as "Survival of the Fittest" ??? Hardly. But blind faith in human construct dogmas are hard to weed out. And yes, many evolutionary concepts from an ignorant Victorian Era period have held on and ruined many an ecosystem ever since. 

Photo: Kevin Franck (June 2013)

This is an Oak Tree at the bottom of my brother's property in  Ranchita California. This region in many ways is very much an interior high desert ecosystem. Very dry, cold/hot and windy at times from  any direction. And yet, take a closer look underneath That Oak tree. 

Photo: Mine

On a much closer inspection, this is Chaparral Honeysuckle (Lonicera interupta) and may seem odd at first being way out on this dry flat, especially considering it is still recovering from the infamous Pines Fire of 2002. Yet, no doubt, some bird stopped at this weigh station rest area and took a literal dump for which it may have previously fed on Honeysuckle fruit. Or perhaps a Coyote or some other animal. They are not opposed to eating fruits, berries or seeds to supplement their diet of meat. In any event, there it is under an Oak tree. This plant however, is very tough and will fine out in the open, as another future post specifically on this particular plant will show. But it is a great plant to add under various trees among other natives out in your urban landscape back in the city.

Photo: Mine

This plant here is abundant everywhere and photo is from Burnt Valley area of Anza California. It is Squaw Bush (Rhus trilobata). It can be confused by some for Poison Oak and if you are sensitive,  it could cause some irritation. This is another beautiful plant, often overlooked, but has beautiful berries and deep Burgundy red Fall colouration. Goes well with similar plants under trees or Chaparral. All these plants will network well together above and below the ground, which ultimately should be your goal.

Next, these photos below are of my Mum's place and the plants I chose to fill in under the California Sycamore trees. These trees are deeply rooted and feeding from the aquifer below, but with good mycorrhizal networking and compatible companion plants with which the trees could interconnect with and mutualistically help each other survive. I know I keep drumming this Hydraulic Lift and Redistribution phenomena into the ground, but seriously, this should be basic elementary school stuff. But you simply don't hear these terms with reference to landscaping and gardening and yet everyone NEEDS TO! Anyway, below is what I chose and perhaps I should have done more of years before, but unfortunately left 7 years ago.

Photo: Mine

Photo: Mine

Both of these plants above are Chaparral Currant (Ribes malvaceum) These were purchased at Las Pilitas Native Plant Nursery at the Escondido store on old Hwy 395. These were planted my third  week in El Cajon CA and inoculated with Mycorrhizal Fungal spores and beneficial bacteria from MycoApply. Again, I'd never plant any new plant without such applications. City-scapes are a mess and need reintroduction, despite what any naysayers will tell you. Do believe me ? Then proceed with the flawed conventional science-based recommended by commercial elements with a vested interest. These were extremely small when first planted. They are at time of photo six weeks old the day before I left there.

Photo: Mine

Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry(Ribes speciosum)

I had one planted on the other side of these Sycamores, but under some Canary Island Pines and Tecate Cypress. I love this   plant and put it there to not only fill in between three trees,   but create a screen to keep my Mum's stupid Wiener Dog (Dachshund) out of there. Insane dog.

Photo: Mine

Photo: Mine

These next two are California Coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica) "San Bruno" dwarfed variety. I love these small Coffeeberries   and they are placed towards the south end of the Sycamore drip-line.   They should do excellent. The top photo has a plant that had lots of   flowers, but no leaf buds. All energy was being put into flower   production, but I'd rather have the leafs to begin with. The bottom   one took off like a rocket with new growth, but something has been   attacking it, and I'm assuming large Grasshopper as they were  everywhere. In fact the Cat was capturing many. But it still  looks to be doing very well.

Photo: Mine

 Western Redbud (Cercis occidentalis)

There is another much larger plant to the right and above of this  photo and it's 67 years old and doing wonderfully. Flowered for the first time this year. This plant was pathetic when  I purchased it here, but with inoculation with Fungal spores and some watering, those pale (almost see through) leaves  with red veins became large newer leaves with deep green. You can see one of the original tiny leafs at the bottom of this plant. It also coloured up nicely.

Photo: Mine

http://www.medford.watersmartgardening.com/eplant.php?plantnum=20596&return=l7_aR

 This plant, also purchased at Las Pilitas Native Plant Nursery is a Common Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus) or so I thought  as it was labeled as such. The leaves appear different, so I'll have to wait for next visit. Still, it's a kool shady looking plant and was nothing before I planted it. It's grown wonderfully. The closest I could find as  far as identification is from this link which labels is Smoothed Leaf  Snowberry, but it's got the same identical scientific name. Here is a  link to a northwestern gardening website in Medford Oregon. As you  can see from a comparison of the photo above and the photo in the   link below, there is clearly some distinct similarities with what is listed  as (Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus)

Photo: Mine

And finally, this is the same Sugarbush  (Rhus ovata) I may have referenced at the start of my visit this year, but it's the final day there and I've since trimmed up the bottom and side branches to encourage more upwards growth with the multi-trunk. This is located on the south sun facing side of the California Sycamores. I'm hoping it will balloon up and out wider. Originally I wanted to create an example of a Chaparral Tunnel with that Laurel Sumac I had at the eastern end of the planter (still on the south facing side), but for which the neighbour freaked out and insisted it come out because it would destroy his block wall. It never would have, but oh well, to keep peace.  You can see the trunk of the tree someone else put it. An African Sumac, not exactly my choice, but again, 'Oh Well'

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More reading:

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/symphoricarpos-mollis

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/lonicera-interrupta

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ribes-malvaceum

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rosa-californica

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ribes-speciosum

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhamnus-californica-san-bruno

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhus-trilobata

Understanding the Water Requirements of most Plants

 

There's an old saying which derives from some flawed thinking which goes like this: "If a little is good, then more must be better" This could be applied to anything in life. In the case of gardening and landscaping, this is also true of applying fertilizer, though this is for the most part something I personally don't do at all. Not with the practice creating an underground "Earth Internet". Why even watering plants where a health mycorrizal grid or network system has been installed is less of a chore and far more economical, especially for those folks who live in the high water rate district areas of the southwestern United States.  To save time and space, I believe I'll include the 3rd question posed here in this post as it has practical applications which help with overcoming mistakes in different water requirements.

"The correct Plant Community"

The above picture illustrates perfectly what we often think of a when it comes to community plantings in a container pot application.  And true enough we  deliberately choose certain specific plants because they may have the same feeding and watering requirements. However the same applies to wild environments, but also includes our home gardens and urban landscapes. You may be familiar with terms like Chaparral Community, Desert Community, Sub-Tropical or Tropical Community, Grassland Savanah or Prairie Community, Temperate Forest and Arctic Habitat Community. The idea here is that all the plants within any type of habitat community have basically the same conditions and requirements for successful living. This is true enough, though some vary within that community with regards requirements and actually can have an interdependence on each other for health and vigor. This is where a healthy underground mycorrhizal community or "Earth Internet" comes into play. Not only has it been shown and demonstrated that these fungal networks have the ability to transport water to all in the community, but they are able to transfer various plants chemicals produced by one plant to another. It was for these reason that my own personal plant community architecture always including specific plants which grow together in nature. Here's an example of this community symbiosis cooperation program which benefits other plants in transporting beneficial chemical properties between plants.

 Here is an example of the cooperation between two trees. Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and a common Pacific Northwest tree called Pacific Madrone (Arbutus menziesii). Here is the title below and the abstract of the scientific study. It does get technical at points in the paper, but I think most will grasp the importance of the association of specific plants within any community. 

"Possible Role of Mycorrhizas in Resistance to Decline in Arbutus menziesii"

 Abstract: - 

"A complex set of factors is causing decline of Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) in the Puget Sound region; yet, some trees remain healthy. It is unclear why they do. We are investigating the hypothesis that symbiotic associations between the roots of madrone and soil-dwelling fungi make the trees less susceptible to disease. The effect could occur either directly or by providing physical links to nearby Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees through which carbon compounds are transferred to the mycorrhizal systems and, perhaps ultimately, to the madrones. In this initial study, our objectives are to determine whether: 1) madrones growing near Douglas-firs are healthier than madrones not growing near Douglas-firs; 2) healthy madrones have more and/or better developed    mycorrhizal associations than declining madrones; and, 3) madrones associate with the same mycorrhizal fungi as nearby Douglas-firs."

Web-Link:

http://www.forestsoils.org/madrone/ch16_tr.pdf

 Another Web-Link:

 http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/madrone/prelim_pp.pdf

  "The Decline of Pacific Madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh): Current Theory and Research Directions"

Summary -   

Basically this paper describing a Symposium which dealt with the health and decline issues of Pacific Madrones in the pacific northwest. The same conclusions and plants community observations were noted here between the two trees. Clearly plants within specific ecosystem communities have adapted over thousands of years and have indeed benefited by the "Earth's Fungal Network". This is important info as it has practical applications within any urban landscape and home gardening layout. It's true that much of the scientific information and papers can be heavy at times, but once you grasp the import and meaning of the value of a good 'Fungal Network' operating system functioning within your own landscape, you'll never be forced again into doing things the conventional way which involves chemical fertilizers and pesticides and alot more of your own hard earned money. Establish the right networked community and chemical pesticides won't be necessary. This has been my experience. Never under-estimate the importance of designing the proper plant community network for your landscape and garden.

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Here's a personal testimonial of something that was a turning point for me in my life to never take for granted just how important the fungal community which I call repeatedly "Earth's Internet" really is to any environment and plant maintenance success. I've known about and studied this for years. I was involved with several forestry planting projects in the San Jacinto Forest District. One such program dealt with biodiversifying the monoculture Jeffrey Pine forest on the Garner Valley Floor just east of Lake Hemet. The Forest Biologist at the time wanted to establish a population of healthy Black Oak (Quercus kellogii) trees in among the already existing and sparsely or loosely spaced tall Jeffrey Pine (Pinus jeffreyi).

Here's a picture of just exactly what the valley floor with pure Jeffrey Pines  look like

 Incredibly, no attempt was made in inoculating the Black Oak seedlings with any type of mycorrhizal inoculent. My favourite for establishing any type of Pine/Oak planting is a fungus called Pisolithus tinctorius or as some folks in the mountains call it 'The Dog Turd Fungus' as referenced on Tom Volk's Fungi website:   

 Well I use to actually collect these very strange looking dried truffles for shipping back to a commercial mycorrhizal inoculant company called Plant Health Care Inc (PHC). The general feeling around that biodiversity planting project in Garner Valley was that there was enough healthy biological material thriving in the soil already and there was no need to inoculate with any commercially produced soil inoculent. 

Unfortunately, none of those Black Oak seedlings survived. Yet I have to say that I totally agree with the goals of that project for creating a more biodiverse vegetative habitat which in would have encourage greater wildlife diversity. I did however manage to later salvage one of the seedlings from Idyllwild area and took it home to plant on my acreage to add to my own private biodiversity collection. Unfortunately that particular day when I arrived back home I was tired. The seedling procurement was an unplanned after thought and I hadn't exactly created that particular ideal spot for placement on the property. Therefore, being tired and in a hurry to wash up, I realized that I had to do something temporarily rather than leave it in a bucket where it most likely wouldn't survive. So sticking it in the ground was a temp solution until I had the time to plan out where I wanted it for good.

From that point onward I only passively visited the tree. I never replanted the way I thought I would do and like the failed project, I too thought that there was enough biological "Earth Internet" activity going on in my soil to justify being lazy and doing nothing further. What a dipstick mistake that was!!!  The first year I did baby it a bit. Gave it generous portions of water and it did grow just a little over a meter in height. That was encouragement enough for me to do nothing as I had previously convinced myself. Yet I should have soil inoculated with PT Mycorrizae. I didn't and 12 years later and one year before I sold my property, the tree was only a mere 10 inches above that initial years one meter growth spurt. The tree after that first year barely struggled to survive all those other eleven years.  The central leading bud grew only about an inch a year, every year after that first initial year and the leaf size never grew in size beyond what you see below in these small scrub oak leaves. Here's a pic of a man's hand holding some acorns and scrub oak leave to give you a sense of size scale that characterized the small pitiful size of my black oak's leaf size as a result of my neglect.

Clearly, anyone familiar with California Black Oak leaves knows that the size is much much greater than what the above pic illustrates. Nevertheless, I only briefly paid any attention to it because for the most part it was on the back 40 so to speak. But then one day after twelve years I was out performing some soil inoculation on yet another experiment to prove a hydrological network does indeed exist among a grove of pines all connected and mutually benefiting from the same mycorrhizal network.  With some of the PT Mycorrhizae mix I got from (PHC & Dr Don Marx) left over, I walked past that little pathetic Black Oak tree and thought to myself, what the heck, why not ?

photo from ForestryImages.org

As I've done hundreds of other times before, I drilled some small 4 inch deep holes where I thought the feeder roots were under the small trees drip line. The goal of course is to target the feeder roots where those tiny root hairs are present. When the tiny root hair cap which pushes ahead of growth in the soil comes in contact with one of those PT spores, it will hopefully detect those acids given off by the root tip and then germinate. If not the spore simply remains dormant. Once again I proceeded to baby the tree that first month only by watering generously once a week for the first month. Sure enough, there appeared a small thumb sized Pisolithus Truffle almost identical to the one illustrated in the pic below. At this point, I'd like to mention that in almost every inoculation of an already existing tree for which PT Mycorrhizae which is host specific (meaning it will only colonize certain specific species of trees around the globe) I have had the same identical experience. After watering exactly one small thumb sized Pisolithus Truffle will appear around the drip line of the tree. The fact that it appears will be proof of it's colonization of that particular trees root system. It can only form as it has need of drawing from the carbon nutrients from the host tree. However, you will NOT experience or observe any improved growth effects on that tree for the rest of that year. But you will have the satisfaction of knowing that the inoculent took hold. Again see the pic below of the first truffle growth. Once again, it won't be till next year that you will experience an incredible change in appearance of your prized tree.

Once again, it won't be till next year that you will experience an incredible change in appearance of your prized tree. For me the change was an incredibly profound turn around in the way I viewed the importance of the power potential of inoculating before planting. I had always known of the potential benefits, but experiencing something so dramatic etched this experience into my brain cells and I've never forgotten it. Here's what took place that spring after a long winter's dormancy. The buds swelled up rather large and proceeded to explode with a growth spurt that I had not ever seen before with the exception of that first year. Eventually the central leader stem grew one and a half foot. The side branches grew almost exactly 12 inches. The leaf size was about 6 or 7 inches long. Here's a pic below which demonstrate the size of the leaves.

Once the Pt Mycorrhizae is established on the plants there should be no reason to reinoculate it again. Each year new truffle spore will be spread throughout the soil by other critters whose job it is to tillage and work the soil thru and thru. You should also note that in nature there are numerous fungal associations by numerous different species. Like a biodiverse forest, you'll want to inoculate your plantings so that the biodiversity extends all the way deep into the soil. I view PT Mycorrhizae as a pioneering fungus. By that I mean, in any ecosystem after a disaster or disruption like a forest fire, there are always those pioneer species of plants that appear first to pave the way for others in a succession to the ultimate goal of an old growth forest situation. 

In some eastern United States forests, Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is one of the first trees to appear. Black locust has nitrogen-fixing bacteria on its root system; for this reason it can grow on poor soils and is an early colonizer of disturbed areas. Another example of pioneer species here in Sweden is the Birch[Björk] which will appear after the industrial forester clear cut an entire forest. Consequently I view PT Mycorhizae as just such a pioneer in forest or urban landscape establishment to be then followed by other beneficial fungal inoculations. Here is the PHC Reclamation website which will be of further benefit to those with an interest in reclaiming disturbed sites.

PHC-Reclamation, Inc. - Engineering - Design - Reclamation- Project Management

Once again, this very experience had a profound effect on me. Though I had known for years what the fungus would do and how plants would benefit, it was that deep appreciation of just what I had that finally hit home. I hope that others can and will learn from this experience. It was at that point while standing there looking at the huge difference in growth that I realized just what kind of tree I could have had at that point had I not been so lazy and putting things off as I did. Can YOU imagine what that tree would have looked like after 12 years of this specific "Earth Internet" connection ???????

 

 

There are a number of other important things to consider in the landscape. There are the plant community types. Certain plants have identical requirements which means placing them with plants outside of their natural community will be a problem. In your landscape consider features like having a lawn. View the lawn as a lakeside or stream habitat setting. Plants inside or along side this setting will benefit from the extra watering a lawn requires to look good. Other drier habitat plants will not want this. Though they may experience even spurts of growth at first, they will later rapidly decline in health and vigor.

These are all the little things you NEED to consider when planning your landscape whether you appreciate it now or later after failure. Sometimes failure is the only way to learn. I ought to know.